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Home Page > Finance > Currency Trading > Origin, Functions, Nature, Evolution and Classification of Money

Origin, Functions, Nature, Evolution and Classification of Money

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Origin of Money

The existence of money is the pre-condition of the functioning of the modern economy. Man, of the beginning of the civilization, had a few wants; he wanted to live in a hut, protect himself from wild animals and maintain his physical strength by consuming some food. For protection he required some stones which he had to gather; the need of food compelled him to go up the tree or hunt in the forest or do fishing, and the necessity of shelter compelled him to develop some still in the art of building and decorating of hut.

In the most primitive stage, he used to do all his work himself. Family or group life was not developed at all; fire was not invented; agriculture was not started. Man was a Jack of all trades. He excelled in none; he did not have many wants and therefore he could satisfy them without great efforts.

These extreme primitive conditions did not last long. The primitive men slowly began to feel the need of civilization. They developed family-ties and began to live in a group. They learned how to divide their work; strong men to work as watchmen, lean men to go for hunting and the fat men for fishing. If fat men were put as watchmen, they could not remain awake and even if they could, they could not run after wild animals. So division of labor became essential and inevitable.

Once the division of labor was adopted, its advantages immediately became visible and people wanted to adopt it still further. Women were then asked to take care of children and house and men would go out for hunting or fishing. Exchange of service started through the group organization; and the exchange of goods was just the next step. Commodities began to be exchanged for commodities and the system of barter came into existence. This was the first step of advance over the most primitive conditions in which man was Jack of all trades.
In the barter system there are mainly three difficulties which will restrict the scope of economic development. They are as follows:

• Need for coincidence of wants.
• Difficulty of assessing values.
• Difficulty of making credit arrangements.

This may be realized immediately, if we imagine that we live in a moneyless economy. We will find, then, that without a monetary unit we will have to express the value of a commodity in units of other commodities which are to be exchanged. If we want a barter of about 100 commodities, the exchange values we will have to encounter, will be bout 4950 which obviously become unmanageable. Immediately we will try to find out money of account or a yardstick with which value of every commodity is to be measured. Out of the 100 commodities, one may be selected as a standard commodity, and thereby we may face only 99 prices and not 4950 as before. The money of account or unit in which the value is to be measured is most essential if we wish to develop division of labor, specialization etc, in our economy. The difficulty of assessing values will be removed.

Functions of Money

Thus, money has two main functions; one, to act as a means of payment or medium of exchange and two, to work as a unit of account or standard for measure. The former is concrete, while the latter is abstract. Both of these functions have time element when they work over a period of time and therefore there are two more subsidiary functions they perform. When money acts as a medium of exchange between two points of time or between present and future, we say that it acts as a store of value. It generally assumes the imperishable form and can therefore be used to accumulate title to wealth. We may choose to keep money as a store of value, for various reasons such as to meet out contingencies, or unforeseen needs or when there is uncertainty about the future course of prices etc.

It also acts as a standard unit of reckoning. This is also known as a standard of deferred payments. When money acts as a unit of account between two dates or two points of time, it acts as a unit of reckoning. 

Nature of Money

We should note here two main attributes of money. When it acts as a unit of account, it should have perfect stability. The yardstick should not change from time to time. The price expressed in units of money should remain the same again in the same units of money over a period of time. Although value of money changes because when money acts as a means of exchange, it is exchanged for other commodities, and the amount of other commodities purchased for a given amount of money may vary over a period of time.

Since money maintains its price one may think that it also maintains its value. There may be a money illusion. As a matter of fact, value may increase or decrease, but not its ‘price’.

Evolution of Money

Really speaking, the development of money was rather slow. In all, we have three main types of money, namely, commodity money, paper money and bank money. All of these different types of money indicate the different stages of the development of money.

Commodity of Money

At first, the difficulties of barter were removed by the use of commodity money. Various commodities have worked as money such as, cattle, sheep, ox, goat, cow, feathers of rare birds, sea-shells, slaves, rocks, cigarettes, etc. But whenever a civilization has reached a certain level and the division of labor has gone beyond a rather rudimentary stage, people have generally chosen some metal such as iron, nickel, copper, gold or silver, as money. People used to choose metal because it can serve as good money. There are certain qualities which are necessary for good money. They are:

• Divisibility
• Portability
• Homogeneity
• Durability
• Stability in value
• Cognisability

All these qualities must be there in the case of good money. Therefore, people everywhere preferred metal as money. When the use of money was not so very extensive, copper could do the job; but when the number of transactions increased, gradually, silver was used as a main metal for money. Even then, the number of transactions continued to increase and was so large that it became difficult to carry silver from place to place. Gold was then used as a main metal for money, and coins of small denominations were prepared either of copper or of silver. Thus it can be seen that the commodity moneys are of two types, metallic and non-metallic. Non-metallic commodity moneys were used on large scale in the early days of our civilization, while metallic moneys were used in the later stage of civilization. Although after the 2nd world war cigarette moneys were used in some European countries, one can say that non-metallic moneys are not at all in use at present in almost all civilized countries. They may be in existence in some backward communities in Africa or South America at present.

Metallic moneys at one stage were used as full bodied money, that is, the full value was equal to the intrisic value of the metal. But now they are only used as subsidiary coins or as token money.

Paper Money

Paper money can be divided into two parts, namely, convertible paper money and inconvertible paper money. The use of paper money has been made very popular by the government and hence it is limited to the extent of the boundaries of the state. Therefore, paper money is said to be convertible if it can be exchanged for some other commodity such as gold at the rate fixed beforehand. We want gold when we want to send money abroad for the payment of goods and services imported from abroad. And that is why we want to guarantee of converting notes into gold from the government. When no such guarantee is given by the institution which issues paper money it is said to be inconvertible.

Bank money

There are certain disadvantages of the direct use of paper money. Some other illegal agency may start printing paper notes. If these paper notes are lost, they cannot be recovered. It is not also very safe to carry them from one place to another. Therefore, it has been found very convenient to settle accounts by credit instruments. Of these, the most familiar to us is the cheque which is not a paper money but as order to banker by a person who has funds in the custody of the bank to pay a stated sum to a third party whose name has been indicated on it. This cheque is sometimes crossed with a view to safeguard against its wrong payment. When it is crossed, the bank is obliged to pay money in some one’s account; it cannot pay money in cash to any person. From legal point of view, it becomes an evidence of payment of money; it acts as a paper money. The payment of any odd sum can be made through it. There is no danger of loss of money. If we lose the cheque-book, nothing is lost as such. It is a much safer way of dealing in money.

Thus, from these functions, it is clear that a good money will have several qualities namely, divisibility, portability, homogeneity, durability, stability and cognisability. In the beginning, we had commodity money, but later on, we had bank money and paper money. At present, all the three types of money are in existence, and essentially bank money is predominant.

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Concrete blocks are used in building everything from huge buildings right down to the smallest backyard compost box. Demand is constant and will never die as long as building is going on. You can count on a good market for your cement blocks. You are not making widgets which go out of fashion in a short time.

If you do not have a lot of money to invest,but are looking for a way to start your own business,concrete block manufacturing may be your opportunity. You can start from home working with hand molds in your garage. With this method you can turn out 100 blocks per day quite easily. At a later stage your business will have grown and you will need more blocks to supply your customers. You can buy or build a concrete block machine capable of making hundreds of blocks in a working day.

Plywood and sheet metal are needed to make hand molds. They are easy to make from available plans. You simply fill the molds with the appropriate concrete mix and turn out the blocks to dry. Plans with instructions are available to show how this is done. All you need to get started are some plywood and sheet metal to make the molds and a supply of Portland cement,sand,gravel and water. All of these are easy to obtain locally at your lumberyard.

When your concrete brick machine production using hand molds is no longer sufficient you will want a machine to manufacture the blocks. There are a number of commercially made machines available. They do a good job but are quite pricey. Buy one if you can afford it and it will pay for itself with increased productivity. Building your own machine is the cheaper way to go.

Build your own machine? Yes you can build an excellent machine from new or used auto parts and a few odds and ends. It is easy to make and a welding shop can do the welding if you are not competent at this. This machine can turn out 800 blocks in a working day and is as good as or better than the commercial models.

When you are manufacturing concrete blocks you will naturally want to add other concrete products to your line. There is a strong demand for bird baths, sundials,garden furniture,patio slabs and a variety of other products. These additional products will add considerably to your profits when you offer them to customers. The markup on these is often much more than on cement blocks. Plans and instructions are available for all these items and they are certainly worth adding to your business line of products.

The small business which you started part time in your garage can in a relatively short time become a full time very profitable enterprise. The sky is the limit depending on how hard you are prepared to work at it. Go to it and soon you will be making a far better income than you could expect at any job.

Making your own block machine is reasonably easy if you have any mechanical ability. The saving over purchase of a machine is big. You can also build a smaller hand operated machine which is of simple construction and can turn out 200 blocks in a day. When you have a machine going you will need help to operate the machine and move the completed blocks to the drying area. To house your blocks while drying you will need more space.

Accra,Ghana was originally built around the port. Its architecture ranges from large and elegant 19th Century colonial buildings to skyscrapers and apartment blocks made of concrete, glass and steel in the 1970s. Shanty towns at the city’s edges are where the majority of Accra’s ever expanding population can be found. Since the early 1990s a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey Novotel hotel which is French-owned. There is also an impressive National Theatre that was built with help from the Chinese. The centre of Accra contains the main banks, the large department stores, the Cocoa Marketing board headquarters and a whole area known as The Ministries, where the government administration is concentrated. Most people still live in the poor shanty towns which have grown up around the edges of the city and near the port. Homes in the shanty towns are crowded and cramped. They are mud built huts made from any materials that their owners can find. They are made of sticks, palm fronds woven into screens, sheets of corrugated iron or plywood, concrete breezeblocks and discarded packing cases from the port. The shanty towns, like James Town, are like mazes with muddy lanes where goats, chickens and dogs scrabble for scraps. The Bojo White Sand Beach is the latest addition to the beach party situation arising along Ghana’s 540Km pristine beach line. Situated next to the Densu delta Ramsar site and along the Atlantic Ocean, in its uniqueness and lovely blend of Caribbean and Ghanaian cultural architecture is the inviting Bojo beach.

The beauty and uniqueness of Bojo beach stem from strategic location, concept, architecture and the serene environment. The facilities available for the beach goers come on a tall list that will keep you coming back at the least opportunity to have more of the excitement. Its climate and serenity makes it an ideal place for the stressed that wants relief, the writer who wants solitary, the thinker for reflections and the one looking for beach sports. For those looking for a place to relax and plan the week, it is Bojo beach and nowhere else. The 300 metres stretch of golf driving range will encourage the amateur golfer to the gather some skills. It is an excellent location for bird lovers who will find so much variety of local and exotic birds perching on trees at the Ramsar site, and for the nature lover, the mangrove and the swamp hosting it will boggle your mind. Hei, you lovers of fishing, get packing and start going now. You will definitely love the place.

Accra,Ghana was originally built around the port. Its architecture ranges from large and elegant 19th Century colonial buildings to skyscrapers and apartment blocks made of concrete, glass and steel in the 1970s. Shanty towns at the city’s edges are where the majority of Accra’s ever expanding population can be found. Since the early 1990s a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey Novotel hotel which is French-owned. There is also an impressive National Theatre that was built with help from the Chinese. The centre of Accra contains the main banks, the large department stores, the Cocoa Marketing board headquarters and a whole area known as The Ministries, where the government administration is concentrated. Most people still live in the poor shanty towns which have grown up around the edges of the city and near the port. Homes in the shanty towns are crowded and cramped. They are mud built huts made from any materials that their owners can find. They are made of sticks, palm fronds woven into screens, sheets of corrugated iron or plywood, concrete breezeblocks and discarded packing cases from the port. The shanty towns, like James Town, are like mazes with muddy lanes where goats, chickens and dogs scrabble for scraps. The Bojo White Sand Beach is the latest addition to the beach party situation arising along Ghana’s 540Km pristine beach line. Situated next to the Densu delta Ramsar site and along the Atlantic Ocean, in its uniqueness and lovely blend of Caribbean and Ghanaian cultural architecture is the inviting Bojo beach.

The beauty and uniqueness of Bojo beach stem from strategic location, concept, architecture and the serene environment. The facilities available for the beach goers come on a tall list that will keep you coming back at the least opportunity to have more of the excitement. Its climate and serenity makes it an ideal place for the stressed that wants relief, the writer who wants solitary, the thinker for reflections and the one looking for beach sports. For those looking for a place to relax and plan the week, it is Bojo beach and nowhere else. The 300 metres stretch of golf driving range will encourage the amateur golfer to the gather some skills. It is an excellent location for bird lovers who will find so much variety of local and exotic birds perching on trees at the Ramsar site, and for the nature lover, the mangrove and the swamp hosting it will boggle your mind. Hei, you lovers of fishing, get packing and start going now. You will definitely love the place.

Concrete blocks are used in building everything from huge buildings right down to the smallest backyard compost box. Demand is constant and will never die as long as building is going on. You can count on a good market for your cement blocks. You are not making widgets which go out of fashion in a short time.

If you do not have a lot of money to invest,but are looking for a way to start your own business,concrete block manufacturing may be your opportunity. You can start from home working with hand molds in your garage. You can easily turn out 100 blocks per day this way. Later when your business has grown and you need to make more cement blocks,to supply your customers,you can acquire or build a concrete block making machine which can turn out hundreds of blocks in a working day.

Plywood and sheet metal are needed to make hand molds. They are easy to make from available plans. You simply fill the molds with the appropriate concrete mix and turn out the blocks to dry. Plans with instructions are available to show how this is done. All you need to get started are some plywood and sheet metal to make the molds and a supply of Portland cement,sand,gravel and water. All of these are easy to obtain locally at your lumberyard.

When the time comes to make more concrete blocks than you can turn out,with hand molds,you will need a machine to make the blocks with. There are a number of commercially made machines available. They do a good job but are quite pricey. Buy one if you can afford it and it will pay for itself with increased productivity. Building your own machine is the cheaper way to go.

Build your own machine? Yes you can build an excellent machine from new or used auto parts and a few odds and ends. It is not hard to build and,if you can,t weld,your local welding shop can do that part of it for you at a reasonable cost. This machine can turn out 800 blocks in a working day and is as good as or better than the commercial models.

Making your own machine is reasonably easy if you have any mechanical ability. The saving over purchase of a machine is big. You can also build a smaller hand operated machine which is of simple construction and can turn out 200 blocks in a day. When you have a machine going you will need help to operate the machine and move the completed blocks to the drying area. To house your blocks while drying you will need more space.

When you are manufacturing concrete blocks you will naturally want to add other concrete products to your line. There is a strong demand for bird baths, sundials,garden furniture,patio slabs and a variety of other products. You can add greatly to your profits by offering these additional products to your customers. The markup on these is often much more than on cement blocks. Plans and instructions are available for all these items and they are certainly worth adding to your business line of products.

The small business which you started part time in your garage can in a relatively short time become a full time very profitable enterprise. The sky is the limit depending on how hard you are prepared to work at it. Go to it and soon you will be making a far better income than you could expect at any job.

Home projects such as outdoor fireplaces and barbeques are very often constructed using blocks. Home foundations and garages are another use. Very large buildings are also built using cement blocks.

They have been in use for all kinds of construction for decades and continue to grow in popularity and sales. They are low cost,easy to build with and very versatile.

Anyone who is looking for a good home based business which can provide a really nice part time income will find the ideal opportunity in making concrete blocks. The part time business can in time be grown into a very lucrative full time business.

Starting your business can be done with very little investment. Hand molds can be used at first and one person can make to up to 100 blocks per day this way. Molds are made from plywood and sheet metal and can be very inexpensive.

Molds are filled with concrete mix,of the right kind,then the blocks are turned out to dry and cure. The concrete mix for the blocks can be mixed by hand on the ground or it can be done with a cement mixer.

One person can make 100 cement blocks quite easily for a full days production with hand molds. After the business has grown to the extent that more blocks are required for larger orders a concrete block making machine is the best way to go. With this type of machine hundreds of blocks can be turned out per day.

It will also be necessary now to acquire a helper to take the blocks from the machine and place them on drying racks. Enough storage space will be needed to dry all the blocks before they are delivered. This could well mean renting business premises but by now the business will be profitable enough to pay for the extra overhead costs and still turn out a very good profit.

Concrete block making machines are available from a number of companies. They are definitely quite costly but can pay for themselves by increasing production. Another way is to obtain plans to build a cement block machine yourself at much lower cost than the commercial models .

This home built machine is made using automobile parts and sheet metal and is a fairly easy construction project. Should you not be a welder,a welding shop can do the welding for you at quite moderate cost. This home built concrete block machine is absolutely as good as the much more expensive commercial machines and will turn out several hundred blocks per day.

When you are a concrete block manufacturer it is a great idea to produce other concrete products. There is plenty of demand for items such as sundials,bird baths,garden ornaments,patio blocks and a variety of other concrete products.

There are readily available plans for making these products without the use of costly commercial molds. These items are a profitable addition to any concrete business. The profit margin on them is always a lot higher than on cement blocks so they are well worth making.

The manufacture of concrete blocks and other concrete items is a great business which can be started at very low cost and can be built into a very successful full time enterprise. Anyone can work at a day job and start the concrete business as a part time enterprise. When it has grown to the extent that full time work is required to fill the demand you then will become a full time highly successful entrepreneur.

Anyone looking for an excellent business to start part time from home will find the concrete block business to be excellent. This business can be started as a part time project and with work will become a very lucrative full time business. The cost of startup can be very low since only hand molds are needed at first to produce up to 100 blocks per day. These molds can be made from plywood and sheet metal and are not expensive to make. You fill the molds with concrete mix,of the right type,then turn the blocks out to dry and cure. The concrete mix can be hand mixed on the ground or in a cement mixer.

One person in a full days work can make 100 cement blocks quite easily. When the business grows to the point where more blocks are needed to fill larger orders a concrete block making machine is the answer. With this machine you will manufacture hundreds of blocks per day. At this time you will require assistance to take the blocks from the machine and set them aside, for drying,on racks. You also must have sufficient storage space to dry all the blocks prior to delivery. You may have to expand into bigger premises but the extra expense will easily be paid for by the greater sales and you will be able to make an excellent profit.

Concrete block making machines are made by a number of companies. They are fairly expensive but will pay for themselves in increased production. Alternately if you wish you can obtain plans for building your own machine at much less cost . This machine is built from auto parts and sheet metal and is quite easy to construct. If you cannot weld,a welding shop will do that part for you at quite reasonable cost. This home built machine is every bit as good as the expensive commercial machines and will turn out hundreds of blocks per day.

When you are in the concrete block making business it is a no brainer to produce other concrete products also. There is a great demand for such things as garden ornaments,bird baths,sundials,patio blocks and many other concrete items. You can make these items from plans which are readily available. Costly purchased molds are not required. These items can be the icing on the cake. The profit margin on them is usually much higher than on cement blocks so they can be a valuable addition to any concrete business.

Manufacturing concrete blocks and other concrete products is an excellent business which you can start with very little cash outlay and build into a highly profitable full time business. You can begin part time in this business while still working at your job. You will become a full time entrepreneur when your business grows to the point that you need to work full time to keep up with demand for your products.

Concrete blocks are always in demand for building everything from large buildings to tiny backyard projects. They never go out of style since they are a basic commodity of the building trades. When you make concrete blocks and other concrete products you will always have ready customers for them.

As a part time cement block manufacturer,working from home,your overhead costs are minimal. This puts you in the position of being able to offer very competitive pricing and still make an excellent profit. Building supply stores will be very happy to have a low cost local supplier. Transportation of concrete products from more distant suppliers is costly due to their size and weight.

You can start by making concrete blocks from hand made molds. Molds are simple to make from plywood and sheet metal.Plans and instructions are available. You simply fill the molds with the appropriate concrete mix and turn the blocks out to dry. One person can easily make 100 cement blocks per day with molds.

As sales grow you will need a method of making more concrete blocks. You now need to get a concrete block machine. With a machine you can turn out hundreds of blocks per day to fill large orders. There are a number of manufacturers of these machines. They are expensive but will pay for themselves with increased production. Go buy one if you can afford it. If you can’t afford it why not build your own concrete block machine. How? Well,plans are available which show how to build a cement block making machine from auto parts. It is fairly simple to build and very low cost. If you can’t weld you can have the necessary welding done at your local welding shop. Your home built machine is every bit as good as the commercial models and can turn out 800 blocks in a working day.

You will also want to make other high profit concrete products such as garden ornaments,bird baths,sundials,vases,window boxes,furniture to mention just a few. All of these things can be made from hand made molds or often without the use of a mold. All of these products can be made from available plans and instructions. There is a big profit margin on these items and there is a strong demand for them.

Making concrete blocks and other concrete products is a wonderful business. They are always in demand from builders and others. You can build a business which will produce an income you can only dream of when working at your job. But please don’t just dream about it. You can make it a reality and bring your dreams to fulfilment.Take a look at how easy it is to start this business?

Concrete blocks are a staple of the building trades and are used for all kinds of structures. Everything from large buildings to small backyard compost boxes is built using concrete blocks. Using hand molds you can turn out 100 blocks per day quite easily.

Concrete bird baths are a big seller. Demand is huge and they sell very well. These are easily turned out from hand made molds and can be sold through garden stores and local building supply stores. They will be happy to have a local supplier since transporting

concrete products from distant sources is expensive. With no transportation costs you can sell at a very competitive price and make an excellent profit.

Plans are available for making all kinds of concrete garden ornaments and furniture from either hand made or commercial molds. Concrete vases of all sizes right up to huge ‘Ali Baba’ type vases do not require molds. You can make a wide selection of these using very simple production methods.

The basic concrete block manufacturing business can be supplemented by producing these very popular decorative items. Making them is easy and there is a strong demand for them. They are a great addition to any concrete products business.

By starting part time working from your garage you have no financial risk. You can start with just the cost of plywood and sheet metal to make your cement block molds. The ingredients for your concrete mix are Portland cement,sand,gravel and water which you will find at your local building supplier. When your business grows you will decide when to go full time.

When hand molds are no longer enough to make the large quantity of blocks you will need,to fill orders,you will want to acquire a concrete block machine. Several manufacturers supply these but they are quite expensive. The other option is to build your own machine.

You can build an excellent concrete block machine from auto parts,sheet metal and a few bits and pieces. Plans and instructions are available for this project. The cost is low and it works as well as any commercial model.

When your volume of production reaches a certain level you will need bigger premises to house the racks for drying your concrete blocks. A second person to move the blocks from the machine to the racks will be required. The profits from your business at this stage can readily absorb these extra expenses.

You can start your concrete block business with very little money. It will grow into a full time very profitable enterprise with hard work. There is no limit to how far you can go in this profitable business. Demand for concrete products continues to increase and you can earn an income you have only dreamed about till now.